https://agric.unza.zm/index.php/zjh/issue/feed 2025-04-25T17:24:48+00:00 Clarence Chongo clarence.chongo@unza.zm Open Journal Systems The Zambia Journal of History (ZJH) is a double – blind peer – reviewed journal published in English twice a year. It is published by the Department of Historical and Archaeological Studies of the University of Zambia with the goal of promoting dissemination of knowledge. ZJH is published on an open – access platform. Online ISSN 3005-4532 and Print ISSN 1815-025X https://agric.unza.zm/index.php/zjh/article/view/1372 2025-04-25T17:24:36+00:00 Mbozi Santebe santebe.mbozi@unza.zm

This article explores the evolution of official statistics on poverty in Zambia during the first sixty years of independence. Using various government reports and oral sources, it analyses the sources of data on poverty and how they shaped the understanding of the phenomenon. It demonstrates that up to the late 1980s, the sources of poverty-related data were household budget surveys whose emphasis was on data required for computing national income indices. Therefore, data on poverty from these sources were incomprehensive. However, with the economic decline and the negative effects of Structural Adjustment, the collection of data on poverty increased significantly from the 1990s. More regular and comprehensive multidimensional surveys were undertaken, which emphasised the living conditions of the people rather than income indices. This resulted in more comprehensive data on living conditions and a better understanding of the poverty situation. The data informed the efforts made by government and other stakeholders to combat poverty in Zambia.

2025-04-25T00:00:00+00:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://agric.unza.zm/index.php/zjh/article/view/1373 2025-04-25T17:24:38+00:00 Miyanda Simabwachi miyanda74@gmail.com

Drawing mainly from original archival research, this paper aims to explore the contribution and impact of the Kaunda administration in establishing an independent national archive and archiving system in Zambia, between 1964 to 1969. The attainment of independence in Zambia, under Kenneth Kaunda’s leadership and the United National Independence Party (UNIP), served as a transformative catalyst, paving the way for the establishment of an autonomous national archive and an archiving system preserved within Zambia rather than abroad in Zimbabwe. From the mid-1940s, Zambia’s public archives material was kept and preserved in Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) due to the absence of a mature archiving and records management system in Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia). Negotiations between Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland led to the establishment of a shared archival service, resulting in Northern Rhodesia’s archives being centralised at the Central African Archives in Salisbury (Harare) until the 1960s, coinciding with the advent of Kaunda's administration. This article argues that, the Kaunda administration was instrumental in reclaiming Zambia’s colonial archives from the custody of Southern Rhodesia Archives in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. This move played a crucial role in the establishment of an independent national archive, which now serves as an essential resource for Zambia’s national history. By scrutinising the repatriation of archives material from Zimbabwe to Zambia and the establishment of the archiving system as well as the development of archival legislation from colonial era standards to contemporary frameworks influenced by the political context of independence and burgeoning nationalism, this paper endeavours to explain the critical role of Kaunda’s administration initiatives in preserving Zambia’s national history.

2025-04-21T00:00:00+00:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://agric.unza.zm/index.php/zjh/article/view/1374 2025-04-25T17:24:41+00:00 Chisulo Phiri chisulophiri2016@gmail.com

In 1964, Zambia’s economy relied heavily on copper mining and imports from Southern Rhodesia (SR) with a negligible manufacturing sector. The United National Independence Party (UNIP) government sought to rectify this imbalance by implementing an import substitution industrialisation (ISI) policy to diversify the economy into manufacturing and agriculture. The Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO) was established in 1965 to support this diversification. Initially, ISI was led by the private sector, 1964-1970 and later by the government, 1971-1991. While many studies argue that manufacturing industries established during this period were dependent on imports and lacked foreign exchange, this article argues that significant strides were made in ISI across certain sectors of production. Some companies in the manufacturing sector adapted foreign technologies, fabricated spare parts for machinery and utilised locally sourced raw materials, thereby reducing their dependence on imports. The government managed foreign exchange judiciously, incentivised industries and devalued the currency to promote domestic production. Export promotion of non-traditional goods was encouraged to earn foreign exchange, leading to a shift by 1991 towards importing capital goods, necessary for expanding the consumer goods industrial base.

2025-04-21T00:00:00+00:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://agric.unza.zm/index.php/zjh/article/view/1375 2025-04-25T17:24:43+00:00 Justina Namukombo justina.namukombo@unza.zm Ng’wanza Kamata ngwanza.kamata@gmail.com

Dissent and opposition to the one-party system in Zambia has been given narratives of regional politics and tribalism. This article analysed dissent to the one -party system introduced by the UNIP government in 1973 ideologically and made a determination if differences in perceptions on the country’s socio-economic and political arrangements by political opponents were sustainable. The analysis did not only focus on the post- independence opposition parties but also individuals and bodies that helped to illuminate difference in political ideology in the post- independence Zambian society. The discussion was within the broader subject of ideology and politics in Africa which is still a relevant subject to current African politics including Zambia. To establish a case whether dissent and opposition to the one party-state was ideological or not, this article used available literature from published works on post -independence Zambian politics including political manifestos, pronounced political programs and any political positions made by opponents that would assist in deducing ideological leaning. Using content analysis, this article found that opposition and dissent to the one-party system introduced by the UNIP government was ideologically grounded though not sustainable. Opposition political parties, civil society and the student body provided an alternative thinking to socialist ideals of the UNIP government by suggesting pro capitalist, free market and neoliberal views on various government policies and programmes.

2025-04-21T00:00:00+00:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement## https://agric.unza.zm/index.php/zjh/article/view/1376 2025-04-25T17:24:45+00:00 Mutale T Mazimba mutsmaz1@gmail.com Ackson M Kanduza ackson.kanduza@zaou.ac.zm

Community cousinship refers to social engineering to promote social integration, political reconciliation, and tolerance. This diverse interaction emerged in pre-colonial into colonial and post-colonial Zambia. In the western part of the country, the Kaonde and the Lozi have a cousinship dating back to when the former survived a Lozi military onslaught using Kamusongolwa Hill near Kasempa. Similar experiences persist in the northeastern part of Zambia. The Ngoni and the complex amalgam known as the Bemba enjoy this relationship. This arose from a 20-year war between Zwangendaba and Chileshe Chepela with no outright winner. It was only during the reign of Chitapankwa that the Ngoni were finally driven out. This article argues that ethnic cousinships, ichimbuya in Bemba, exist in Zambia as a form of respect for ethnic sovereignty after pre-colonial stalemates in military encounters. These cousinships were utilised in colonial times as shared colonial oppression established and consolidated solidarity between the Ngoni and the Bemba. The colonial state in North-Western Rhodesia was built on a network of community cousinships between the Tonga-Lozi-Kaonde-Lunda group and the Tonga. In North-Eastern Rhodesia, the Ngoni, Nsenga, Chewa, and Tumbuka established cousin relations with societies where Ichibemba was adopted and evolved from 1929 as the original language. Drawing from several diverse incidents, the article demonstrates that the great heritage of national unity, peace, and reconciliation expressed in the motto One Zambia, One Nation has historical foundations. Using cousinship as social joking, Zambian societies have succeeded in healing from past trauma, collaborated against a common enemy, and assisted one another in deprivation. The paper concludes with references to contemporary events that show how easy ichimbuya networks build courage and collaboration.

2025-04-21T00:00:00+00:00 ##submission.copyrightStatement##